Elevación de seno conBetafosfato Tricálcico yposterior colocación deimplantes. A propósito deun caso / Sinus lift with tricalcium beta-phosphate and subsequent implant placement. Case report

La extracción o pérdida dental supone la remodelación del alveolo y una pérdida progresiva del hueso alveolar residual. Esta disminución en altura, debido a la presencia delseno maxilar en el sector posterosuperior, puede comprometer la disponibilidad ósea adecuada para la colocación de implantes. Como solución a esto, surge la técnica de elevación de seno. En esta técnica, se emplean diversos materiales de injerto, entre los que se encuentran el betafosfatotricálcico (b-TCP). Este material presenta propiedades osteoconductivas y osteoinductivas. Además, se reabsorbe más fácil que otros sustitutos óseos y es fácilmente reemplazado por nuevo hueso. Se ha comparado su comportamiento clínico con otros materiales de injerto, sin encontrar diferencias significativas. Además, a 10 años, los implantes colocados en elevaciones de seno realizadas con b-TCP han mostrado altas tasas de supervivencia. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente, mujer de 52 años de edad, sin antecedentes médicos de interés. Acude a consulta por dolor en el 26. Tras la exploración diagnóstica radiológica e intrabucal se aconsejó a la paciente la extracción del 26. Ocho meses después, y realizando un estudio con CBCT se informó a la paciente sobre la posibilidad de rehabilitación con implantes, previa cirugía de elevación sinusal. Se realizó la elevación sinusal con b-TCP como material de injerto. Pasados tres meses, se procedió a la colocación de tres implantes, adquiriendo estos una buena estabilidad primaria Discusión y conclusiones. Se utilizan diversos materiales de injerto en la técnica de elevación sinusal, injertos de hueso autólogo, xenoinjertos e injerto aloplásticos. Se ha comparado el comportamiento clínico del b-TCP con otros materiales de injerto sin mostrar diferencias significativas. Por otro lado, se ha estudiado un periodo de espera menor a 6 (AU)

Tooth extraction or loss involves alveolar remodelling and progressive loss of residual alveolar bone. This reduction in height, due to the presence of the maxillary sinus in the posterosuperior sector, can compromise adequate bone availability for implant placement. The sinus lift technique has emerged as a solution to this problem. In this technique, various grafting materials are used, including beta-phosphatidic acid (b-TCP). This material has osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. In addition, it is more easily resorbed than other bone substitutes and is easily replaced by new bone. Its clinical behaviour has been compared with other graft materials, without finding significant differences. In addition, at 10 years, implants placed in sinus lifts performed with b-TCP have shown high survival rates. Clinical case: The clinical case of a 52-year-old female patient with no medical history of interest is presented. She went for consultation due to pain in tooth 26. Following the radiological and intraoral diagnostic examination, the patient was advised to have tooth 26 extracted. Eight months later, and after a CBCT study, the patient was informed about the possibility of rehabilitation with implants, following sinus lift surgery. The sinus lift was performed with b-TCP as graft material. After three months, three implants were placed, acquiring a good primary stability. Discussion and conclusions: different graft materials are used in the sinus lift technique, autologous bone grafts, xenografts and alloplastic grafts. The clinical performance of b-TCP has been compared with no significant differences found. Furthermore, a waiting period of less than 6 months has been studied for the placement of implants. These implants showed high primary stability and survival rates of 99-100%. Therefore, b-TCP is a safe material for sinus lifts and allows the placement of implants in a healing time of less than 6 months (AU)

[Model of care for the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis from the first to the third level]. / Modelo de atención para el tratamiento de pacientes con osteoartritis del primer al tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis in Mexico is one of the ten most frequent causes of disability. Early diagnosis and detection of risk factors are determinant for treatment. The institutional organization establishes therapeutic guidelines according to each level of care, but effective management is not achieved. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, pilot, interventional, clinical study was conducted, which included patients diagnosed with different degrees of knee osteoarthritis in the first, second and third level of care, with an integrative model that includes a group of professionals for the intervention of nutritional, physiotherapeutic, social and psychological evaluation from the first level. RESULTS: The intervention of a multidisciplinary care group allows a correct evaluation and assignment of the level of care, optimizing human and material resources. The participation of different disciplines in nutrition, psychology, social work, physiotherapy and rehabilitation modifies the global lifestyle by involving the patients themselves in their treatment. The intervention group had improvements in the visual analog pain scale, mobility arcs, low body mass index and improvement in the psychological aspect. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model of care demonstrates that implementation in the institution and in each clinical care unit should be considered to improve outcomes.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La osteoartritis en México es una de las 10 causas más frecuentes de discapacidad. El diagnóstico temprano y la detección de factores de riesgo son determinantes para el tratamiento. La organización institucional establece las pautas terapéuticas de acuerdo con cada nivel de atención, pero no se logra un manejo efectivo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, piloto, de intervención, clínico conformado por pacientes diagnosticados con diferentes grados de osteoartritis de rodilla en el primer, segundo y tercer nivel de atención, con un modelo integrador que incluyó un grupo de profesionales para la intervención de la evaluación nutricional, fisioterapéutica, social y sicológica desde el primer nivel. RESULTADOS: La intervención de un grupo de atención multidisciplinaria permite una correcta evaluación y asignación del nivel de atención optimizando los recursos humanos y materiales. La participación de diferentes disciplinas en nutrición, sicología, trabajo social, fisioterapia y rehabilitación modifica el estilo de vida global al involucrar a los propios pacientes en su tratamiento. El grupo de intervención tuvo mejoras en la escala de dolor análogo visual, arcos de movilidad, bajo índice de masa corporal y mejoría en el aspecto sicológico. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo de atención propuesto demuestra que la implementación en la institución y en cada unidad clínica de atención debe considerarse para mejorar los resultados.

Injerto pediculado palatino en regeneración ósea guiada / Palatal pedicle graft in bone guided regeneration

La regeneración localizada de grandes defectos horizontales en los procesos alveolares, previa a la inserción de implantes dentales, sigue siendo un procedimiento quirúrgico desafiante en cirugía bucal. Entre los procedimientos quirúrgicos más utilizados para tal propósito se encuentran la corticotomía con expansión, injerto en bloque "onlay" y la regeneración ósea guiada (ROG), todos ellos con sus diferentes grados de predictibilidad. El uso de micromalla de titanio en combinación con injertos y sustitutos óseos es un método eficiente para la contención, estabilización y protección de estos injertos, permitiendo así una mejor regeneración de los tejidos. Esta técnica no queda exenta de posibles complicaciones asociadas como pueden ser la infección, necrosis del injerto o exposición de la malla de titanio. En el presente artículo se pretende mostrar la evidencia clínica de la efectividad del uso del colgajo pediculado de rotación palatina como método válido para evitar la exposición de la malla de titanio durante la regeneración ósea guiada

Localized regeneration of large horizontal defects in alveolar processes prior to the insertion of dental implants remains a challenging surgical procedure in oral surgery. Among the most widely used surgical procedures for this purpose are expansion corticotomy, onlay block graft and guided bone regeneration all of them with their different degrees of predictability. The use of titanium micromesh in combination with bone grafts and bone substitutes is an efficient method for the containtment, stabilization and protection of these grafts, thus allowing better tissue regeneration. This technique is not exempt from associated complications such as infection, graft necrosis or exposure of the titanium micromesh.This article aims to show the clinical evidence of the effectiveness of using the palatal rotated pedicle graft as an effective method to avoid exposing the micromesh during guide bone regeneration procedure

Manejo terapéutico de la celulitis crónica circunscrita: a propósito de un caso clínico / Therapeutic Management Of Circunscribed Chronic Cellulitis: A Case Report

La celulitis crónica circunscrita es resulta-do de la persistencia de una lesión dentaria, bacterias de baja virulencia o una antibioterapia mal planteada. Se caracteriza por la presencia de un cordón fibroso, signo patognomónico, que debe ser elimina-do junto al foco causal. La clínica es poco llamativa y puede pasar desapercibida al paciente. Sin embargo, no está exenta de un posible proceso de agudización que dificulten su posterior tratamiento o que actúen como un foco infeccioso a distancia. Se presenta un caso de un paciente de 51 años que acude a consulta exudado de contenido purulento a través de una fistula extra-oral de un año de evolución. Se realizó la extracción de los dientes involucrados y se eliminó el cordón fibroso asociado. Se plantea junto al abordaje quirúrgico una pauta antibiótica de corta duración para prevenir la aparición de resistencias basado en la evidencia científica actual

Circumscribed chronic cellulitis is the result of the persistence of a dental lesion, bacteria of low virulence or poorly raised antibiotic therapy. It has been defined by the presence of a fibrous cord, a pathognomonic sign, which must be eliminated together with the causal focus.The clinic is inconspicuous and can go unnoticed to the patient. However, it is not exempt from a possible process of exacerbation that hinders its subsequent treatment or that acts as an infectious focus at a distance. We present a case of a 51-year-old patient who included an exudate consultation of purulent content through an extra oral fistula that had been one year old. The extraction of the involved teeth was performed and the associated fibrous cord was removed. It is presented with the surgical approach, a short-term medical practice to prevent the emergence of resistance based on current scientific evidence

Clinical repercussions and epidemiological considerations of supernumerary canines: A 26 case series.

BACKGROUND: To establish the prevalence of supernumerary canines (SNC) in a sector of the population of Madrid (Spain), as well possible complications associated with this unusual developmental variation. STUDY DESIGN: This observational study was performed between 2005 and 2017, among 21,615 patients seeking dental treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain), and at the Virgen de la Paloma Hospital, Madrid (Spain); 22 patients with 26 SNCs were diagnosed. These 22 patients underwent clinical and radiological exploration, registering patient data. RESULTS: SNCs presented a prevalence of 0.10% of the study population. The supernumerary teeth (SNT) were located in the upper maxilla more frequently (61.54%) than the mandible (38.46%). 69.23% were found to be impacted, also causing the impaction of the permanent canine in 53.85% of these cases. In 15.38%, follicular expansion > 3mm was observed. SNCs were associated with other SNT in only four patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite of the fact that the SNCs are usually diagnosed casually in the course of radiological exploration, in the present study over half of them (53.85%) caused impaction of the permanent canine. Early diagnosis allows optimal patient management and treatment planning, with intervention at an appropriate time to prevent complications in development and so reduce later treatment need.

Protocolo de actuación en el tratamiento odontológicoquirúrgico en pacientes con angioedema hereditario. Revisión de la literatura / Management protocol of dental treatment in patients with hereditary angioedema. A literature review

El angioedema hereditario (AEH) es una enfermedad genética rara de transmisión autosómica dominante, en la que existe un déficit de la encima C1-INH. Cursa con episodios recurrentes y autolimitados de edema, causados por aumento de la permeabilidad vascular. Tiene unas importantes implicaciones para los profesionales de la salud bucodental, ya que determinados procedimientos odontológicos y quirúrgicos pueden desencadenar episodios de angioedema, potencialmente mortales al producirse edema en las vías respiratorias superiores. El objetivo de este trabajo es aportar información y recomendaciones a los odontólogos a la hora de tratar a estos pacientes con el fin de minimizar las complicaciones. Los resultados han aportado un total de 48 pacientes y se realizaron un total de 90 intervenciones, siendo el tratamiento más frecuente las extracciones dentales. El AEH tipo I es el más frecuente de los tres tipos con una incidencia de entorno al 85% y el tipo III es el menos común y conocido, ya que se ha identificado en los últimos años. La profilaxis a corto plazo es un método preventivo que ha de realizarse en todos los pacientes con AEH antes de cualquier intervención quirúrgica odontológica. El tratamiento de estos pacientes implica, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, una profilaxis a largo y corto plazo con el fin de disminuir los ataques. Siendo aconsejable realizar los procedimientos odontológicos-quirúrgicos en ambiente hospitalario

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease of autosomal dominant transmission, in which there is a deficit of C1-INH enzyme. It runs with recurrent and self-limited episodes of edema to increase vascular permeability. There are some important complications for oral health professionals because many dental and surgical procedures can trigger angioedema episodes which can be a potentially life-threating condition due to edema in the upper respiratory tract. The objective of this research is to provide information and recommendations to dentists for treating these patients in order to minimize complications. 48 patients have been reported and a total of 90 interventions were performed, being extractions the most frequent treatment. HAE type 1 is the most frequent of the three types with an 85% of incidence, and type III is the least common and known, it has been identified in recent years. Shortterm prophylaxis is a preventive method that must be done in all HAE patients before any dental surgery. The treatment of these patients implies, in most cases, a long- and short-term prophylaxis in order to reduce attacks. It is recommended to realize dental-surgical procedures in a hospital environment

Hiloterapia como tratamiento coadyuvante en la extracción quirúrgica de terceros molares. A propósito de un caso clínico / Hilotherapy as a coadyuvant treatment in the third molar surgical extraction. A clinical case report

Introducción: La extracción de los terceros molares es una práctica habitual en la consulta odontológica. Es muy común la aparición postoperatoria de respuestas fisiológicas como el dolor, inflamación, hematomas y trismo, y cuyo tratamiento de elección sigue siendo la farmacología. La hiloterapia es un tratamiento alternativo complementario que forma parte de la medicina física terapéutica. Se trata de una unidad conectada a una máscara preformada de contorno facial que, mediante la reducción de la termperatura tisular de manera constante, persigue conseguir la disminución del flujo sanguíneo, la inflamación, el dolor y el edema. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 22 años de edad, sin antecedentes médicos de interés, que acudió al Hospital Virgen de la Paloma por presentar dolor en el tercer molar inferior izquierdo. Una vez realizada la exploración clínica y radiológica de la paciente, se propuso como plan de tratamiento la extracción de los cuatro cordales, bajo anestesia general. Inmediatamente después de la cirugía se colocó a la paciente la máscara facial de Hilotherm(R), programada a una temperatura constante de 15ºC. Se revisó a las 24h y a los 8 días tras la intervención. Conclusiones: La terapia con la máscara facial Hilotherm(R) ha demostrado ser de utilidad en la disminución del dolor y la inflamación postoperatorios derivados de la extracción quirúrgica de los terceros molares, probablemente debido a la posibilidad de un control constante de la temperatura y a la mayor colaboración del paciente. No hay evidencia científica suficiente que respalde su posible participación en la reducción de hematomas. Asimismo, este sistema sugiere un aumento significativo de la calidad de vida de los pacientes, así como una buena aceptación por parte de éstos otorgando más comodidad y satisfacción

Introduction: The extraction of third molars is common practice in the dental practice. The postoperative appearance of physiological responses such as pain, inflammation, bruising and trismus is very common, for which the treatment of choice is still pharmacology. The hilotherapy is a complementary alternative treatment that is part of the therapeutic physical medicine which consists on a unit connected to a preformed face contour mask that, by constantly reducing tissue temperature, aims to achieve decreased blood flow, inflammation, pain and edema. Clinical case: A clinical case of a 22-year-old woman is presented, with no interesting medical record, who went to the Virgen de la Paloma Hospital with pain in the left lower third molar. Once the clinical and radiological examination of the patient had been carried out, a treatment plan for the extraction of the four wisdom teeth, under general anesthesia, was proposed. Immediately after the surgery, the patient was placed the facial mask of Hilotherm(R) on, programmed at a constant temperature of 15ºC. It was reviewed twice, 24h and 8 days after the intervention. Conclusions: Hilotherm(R) facial mask therapy has been shown to be useful in the reduction of postoperative pain and inflammation derived from the surgical extraction of third molars, probably due to the possibility of constant temperature control and greater patient collaboration. There is not enough scientific evidence to support its possible participation in the reduction of bruising. Likewise, this system suggests a significant increase in the quality of life of patients, as well as a good acceptance from patients, providing them with more comfort and satisfaction

Sialolitiasis Parotídea. Dificultades en el diagnóstico. Presentación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Parotid Sialolithiasis. Diagnosing complexities. Case report and literature review

Introducción: La sialolitiasis parotídea es una patología común de las glándulas salivales y puede dar lugar a atrofia glandular. Los sialolitos parotídeos son más raros que los submandibulares y su diagnóstico y tratamiento es más complejo, debido a la superposición de estructuras y a las dificultades de acceso. Caso clínico: Mujer, de 68 años, que acude con episodios inflamatorios recurrentes en la región geniana izquierda, coincidente con las comidas, y que, tras su paso por varios especialistas, acude a nuestro Servicio, en el que tras prescribir un CBCT con reconstrucción tridimensional se halla una pequeña estructura calcificada próxima a la parótida izquierda. Discusión: Los métodos de diagnóstico son variados y su utilización depende de la indicación. Entre las distintas pruebas figuran la resonancia magnética (RM), laa Tomografía Computerizada de Haz de Cono (CBCT) y la sialografía, siendo el método más eficaz de diagnóstico la combinación de estas. Los abordajes terapéuticos son diversos y dependen de multitud de factores, siendo los más utilizados la sialoendoscopia y el abordaje quirúrgico transoral. Conclusión: La sialolitiasis parotídea supone un reto, tanto diagnóstico como terapéutico, y es una situación clínica común por lo que en su tratamiento deben tenerse en cuenta muchos factores para elegir la alternativa que suponga una remoción completa del cálculo y pocas complicaciones a largo plazo

Introduction: Parotid stones are a common finding in salivary gland disorders and can lead to destruction of salivary tissue. Parotid calculi are rarer than submandibular calculi and their diagnosis and treatment are more challenging due to superimposition of hard structures and limited access. Clinical case: A female patient, 68 years old, is referred to our Service, after seeing different specialists, due to repeated inflammatory episodes of her left cheek area, which usually appear at mealtimes. After prescribing a CBCT with 3D reconstruction, a calcified structure can be seen next to the left parotid gland. Discussion: Diagnostic means are varied, and their use depends on their indication. Among diagnostic test, MRI, CBCT and sialography can be found, and usually combining them provides a more precise diagnosis. There are many therapeutical approaches, being sialoendoscopy and transoral approach the most common ones. Conclusion: Parotid sialolithiasis poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and it is a relatively common clinical situation, thus, treatment must be tailored to obtain complete stone removal and a minimum of long-term complications

Masseter and temporalis muscle electromyography findings after lower third molar extraction.

BACKGROUND: The main clinical application of electromyography is to detect abnormalities in muscle function, to assess muscle activity for purposes of recruitment, and in the biomechanics of movement. OBJECTIVES: To analyze electromyography (EMG) findings for masticatory muscles during chewing following surgical extraction of lower third molars, and to determine any correlation between pain, inflammation, trismus, and the EMG data registered. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study included 31 patients. Surface EMG was used to study masseter and temporalis muscle function before lower third molar extraction and 72 hours and seven days after surgery. Clinical variables, pain, inflammation, and trismus were registered before and after surgery. RESULTS: Studying the area and size of the masticatory muscles, higher values were found for temporalis than masseter muscles, regardless of the surgical side, which points to the greater involvement of the temporalis muscle in mastication. Comparing the side where surgery had been performed with the non-surgical side, a sharp and statistically significant reduction in amplitude and area were noted on the surgical side reflecting major functional affectation. One week after surgery, amplitude and area had almost returned to base-line values, indicating almost complete recovery. While pain decreased progressively after surgery, inflammation peaked at 72 hours, while mouth opening reached a minimum at this time, returning to normality within the week. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical extraction of lower third molars produces changes to electromyography activity that are more evident during the first hours after surgery and closely related to the intensity of pain suffered and the patient's inflammatory responses, although they are not related to mouth opening capacity.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de quistes dentígeros asociados a terceros molares: presentación de dos casos clínicos y revisión de la literatura / Surgical treatment of dentigerous cysts associated to third molars: two case reports and a literature review

Introducción. El quiste dentígero es un quiste odontógeno del desarrollo de origen epitelial, siendo el más común después del radicular. Generalmente se asocia con la corona de dientes permanentes impactados o no erupcionados y su aparición es más frecuente en varones durante la segunda década de la vida. Los dientes que suelen verse más afectados son los terceros molares mandibulares, seguido de los caninos maxilares. A causa de su curso asintomático, el diagnóstico suele realizarse por hallazgo casual en radiografías panorámicas rutinarias. Para el diagnóstico definitivo es indispensable la realización de la anatomía patológica. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso clínico de dos mujeres de 60 y 42 años de edad, sin antecedentes médicos de interés, remitidas al servicio de Cirugía Bucal del hospital Virgen de la Paloma, presentando una imagen radiográfica radiotransparente asociada a la corona del tercer molar inferior izquierdo sin sintomatología asociada. Tras realizar la extracción quirúrgica de los cordales afectados y la lesión quística asociada, se obtiene el diagnóstico definitivo mediante la anatomía patológica, posteriormente se realizan controles clínicos y radiográficos de la zona. Conclusiones. El quiste dentígero representa el segundo quiste odontógeno más frecuente después del quiste radicular en terceros molares retenidos. Es importante el examen radiográfico periódico de terceros molares incluidos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta entidad patológica (AU)

Introduction. A dentigerous cyst or follicular cyst is defined as a developmental odontogenic cyst of an epitelial origin which represents the second most common entity after the radicular cyst. Generally it is associated with the crown of a permanent unerupted tooth (or semi-erupted) and it tends to be more frequent in males during the second decade of life. The most common location of dentigerous cyst are mandibular third molars followed by the maxillary canines. Due to its asymptomatic behaviour, the diagnosis is reached by routine panoramic radiography, however, the anatomopathologic analysis will define its nature. Case Report. A case report of a 42 and 60 year old females with no medical history of interest, referred to the Oral Surgery Service of the hospital Virgen de la Paloma with a radiotransparent images surrounding the crown of the lower left third molar without associated symptoms. After the extraction of the teeth, cystic lessions are sent for anatomopathological study, which confirm the presumption diagnosis, dentigerous cyst. Patients carried out posterior follow ups sho-wing a positive healing of the bone around the surgical area. Conclusions. Dentigerous cyst represents the second most frequent odontogenic cyst after the radicular cyst at mandibular third lower molars. It is essential to monitor retained mandibular lower third molars for the incipient approach of the pathology (AU)

Unicystic Ameloblastoma: Rehabilitation with Chin Graft Harvested and Implant-Supported Fixed Prosthesis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to present a clinical case of a 38-year-old male with a maxillary unicystic ameloblastoma treated by means of tumor block resection followed by chin-harvested graft placement in order to place two dental implants for esthetic and functional rehabilitation. METHODS: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor characterized by local aggression and a high rate of recurrence; the latter partly depends on how it is treated. Complete resection of the tumor, which usually prevents recurrence, produces bone defects of varying size that must be reconstructed later on. In most cases this is done using bone grafts and implant-supported prostheses. Grafts harvested from the chin are relatively easy to obtain and enjoy a fairly uneventful post-operative with few complications; they are suitable for cases in which the defect generated by resection is of small size. RESULTS: Functional and esthetic rehabilitation and the tumor has not relapsed during a 7-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Tumor block resection followed by chin-harvested graft placement and dental implants is a safe treatment for patients with unicystic ameloblastoma.

Implant survival and complications in cases of inferior alveolar nerve lateralization and atrophied mandibles with 5-year follow-up.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the survival after 5 years of implants placed using inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) lateralization in cases of mandibular atrophy and to determine the incidence of complications. Twenty-seven patients received 74 implants by means of the IAN lateralization technique. Implant survival after 5 years of loading was 98.6%. Eighteen months after surgery, the recovery of sensitivity was complete in 26 cases. Implant placement with IAN lateralization was seen to be a satisfactory and predictable technique. IAN lateralization requires a high level of technical skill, and strict criteria should be applied when prescribing this treatment.

Exodoncia en pacientes geriátricos con bifosfonatos / Extraction in geriatric patients with phosphonates

En el paciente geriátrico, resulta común la presencia de enfermedades sistémicas, lo que conlleva a un consumo de diferentes fármacos para el tratamiento de las mismas. Uno de los más frecuentes son los bifosfonatos. Por lo general, los bifosfonatos son fármacos bien tolerados si se administran correctamente, aunque en los últimos años también se han descrito diferentes efectos adversos asociados a su consumo, siendo la osteonecrosis maxilar uno de los más importantes. Desde entonces son numerosos los casos publicados en los cuales se afirma que los procedimientos quirúrgicos menores como las exodoncias podrían ser uno de los factores desencadenantes. En el caso de los bifosfonatos intravenosos, dado que el riesgo es mucho mayor, se sugiere evitar en lo posible los tratamientos quirúrgicos orales como las extracciones mientras que en los tratamientos con bifosfonatos orales no se puede contraindicar dichos tratamientos de esa manera tan categórica Ante esta situación resulta evidente la necesidad de establecer unos protocolos definitivos encaminados a la prevención y tratamiento de esta posible complicación que pudiese acontecer (AU)

In geriatric patients is common the presence of systemic diseases, leading to a use of various drugs for the treatment thereof. One of the most common are the bisphosphonates. In general, bisphosphonates are well tolerated drugs if properly managed, although in recent years have also been described different adverse effects associated with its consumption, with the maxillary osteonecrosis one of the most important. Since then are numerous reported cases in which it is stated that minor surgical procedures such as extractions could be one of the triggers. In the case of intravenous bisphosphonates, since the risk is much higher, it is suggested to avoid possible oral surgical treatments like extractions while on treatment with oral bisphosphonates may not contraindicate such treatments that so categorically. In this situation the need to establish a definitive protocols aimed at the prevention and treatment of this possible complication that could happen is obvious (AU)

Protocolos de actuación con la exodoncia en pacientes geriátricos antiagregados y anticoagulados / Clinical protocols for tooth extraction in geriatric patients treated with anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs

El paciente geriátrico presenta un mayor riesgo cardiovascular, siendo la cardiopatía isquémica la causa más frecuente de muerte en los ancianos. Con la edad se producen ciertos cambios en la homeostasis, con un aumento de la coagulabilidad, disminución de la fibrinólisis y un aumento de la agregabilidad plaquetaria. Estos factores unidos a las alteraciones endoteliales y un mayor estasis sanguíneo, conllevan un aumento del riesgo trombótico, y la posibilidad de padecer con mayor frecuencia enfermedades cardiovasculares. El empleo de antiagregantes plaquetarios y anticoagulantes orales ha demostrado ser una terapéutica efectiva tanto en la prevención primaria como secundaria de estos accidentes trombóticos. Los procedimientos quirúrgicos, como son las extracción dentales, en pacientes con tratamiento antitrombóticos, pueden conllevar un aumento del riesgo de sangrado tanto durante su realización como en el periodo postoperatorio. Por otro lado, la supresión de la terapia antitrombótica para reducir este sangrado, puede aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar un accidente tromboembólico, con unas consecuencias fatales para la salud del paciente. La finalidad de este trabajo es revisar los principales fármacos antitrombóticos usados en el momento actual, y dar a conocer las pautas actuales a seguir en el manejo de estos pacientes cuando van a ser sometidos a una extracción dental (AU)

Geriatric patient have an increased cardiovascular risk, and ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of death in the ederly. Age results in changes in the homeostasis as increased coagulability, decreased fibrinolysis and increased platelet agreeability. These factors together with endothelial dysfunction and increased blood stasis, involve an increased thrombotic risk and the possibility of having a cardiovascular event. The use of oralanticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs has amply demonstrated its effectiveness in both primary and secondary prevention of thrombotic events. Surgical procedures, such as dental extraction, in patients with antithrombotictherapy may entail to an increased risk of bleeding during the procedure and in the postoperative period. On the other hand, the removal of these drugs in order to reduce bledeing may increase the risk of developing a thromboembolic event with fatal consequences for the patient´s health. The purpose of this paper is to review antithrombotic drugs currently used and protocols for patients on anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy who need a dental extraction (AU)

Hiperplasia de la apófisiscoronoides / Hyperplasia of the coronoid apophyses

La hiperplasia coronoidea es una rara alteración que se caracteriza por el desarrollo exagerado de la apófisis coronoides, de carácter progresivo, tanto en altura como en volumen, durante períodos de meses a años. Objetivos: Determinar los diferentes aspectos epidemiológicos de la hiperplasia de la apófisis coronoides, analizar los signos más característicos, evaluar los tratamientos realizados y valorar la apertura bucal pretratamiento y postratamiento. Diseño del estudio: Revisión bibliográfica sobre casos diagnosticados de hiperplasia de la apófisis coronoides, analizando un total de 27 artículos que han proporcionado un total de 85 casos. Resultados: La hiperplasia de la apófisis coronoides presentó una mayor incidencia en hombres respecto a las mujeres con una ratio 1.5:1, siendo la edad media de diagnóstico de 25.5 años. Los signos característicos de diagnóstico son la limitación de la apertura bucal con un 100% de los casos, seguido de la asimetría facial. La actitud terapéutica llevada a cabo fue de cirugía seguida de la fisioterapia. Con respecto a la apertura bucal es de 18.5 mm en pretratamiento y 33.1 mm postratamiento. Conclusiones: La hiperplasia de la apófisis coronoides es una entidad poco frecuente que afecta más a varones entre la 2ª y 3ªdécada de la vida. El signo característico es la limitación de la apertura bucal, que se diagnostica con la ortopantomografía, y el tratamiento más utilizado es la coronoidectomía seguida de la fisioterapia (AU)

Coronoid hyperplasia is a rare disorder that is characterized by the exaggerated development of the coronoid apophysis, having a progressive nature in both height and volume, during periods of months to years. Objectives: Determine the different epidemiological aspects of hyperplasia of the coronoid apophysis, analyze the most characteristics signs, evaluate the treatments conducted and assess the pre-treatment and post-treatment buccal opening. Study design: Bibliographic review of diagnosed cases of hyperplasia of the coronoid apophyses, analyzing a total of 27 articles that provided a total of 85 cases. Results: The hyperplasia of the coronoid apophysis presented a greater incidence in men than women with a ratio of 1.5:1, with the average age of diagnosis being 25.5 years of age. The characteristic diagnostic signs are the limitation of the buccal opening in 100% of the cases, followed by facial asymmetry. The therapeutic approach carried out was surgery followed by physiotherapy. With respect to the buccal opening, it was 18.5 mm pre-treatment and 33.1 mm post-treatment. Conclusions: Hyperplasia of the coronoid apophysis is a rare disorder that affects more men in the second and third decade of life. The characteristic sign is the limitation of the buccal opening, which is diagnosed with orthopantomography and the treatment most used is the coronoidectomy, followed by physiotherapy (AU)

Evaluation of the anaesthetic properties and tolerance of 1:100,000 articaine versus 1:100,000 lidocaine. A comparative study in surgery of the lower third molar.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the anaesthetic properties and tolerance of articaine versus lidocaine at equal vasoconstrictor concentration. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 96 male and female patients who underwent surgical treatment of the lower third molar participated. Patients were randomly assigned to articaine hydrochloride with epinephrine 1:100,000 and lidocaine hydrochloride with epinephrine 1:100,000. The variables analysed were latency period, duration of anaesthetic effect, tolerance and adverse reactions. RESULTS: Both the latency period and the duration of anaesthetic effect were greater for articaine, although the differences were not statistically significant. Latency: mean difference of 2.70 ± 2.12 minutes (95%CI of -1.51 minutes - 6.92 minutes). DURATION: mean difference of -33 minutes 5 seconds ± 31 minutes (95% CI -1 hour 35 minutes - 29 minutes). There were 4 adverse events that did not require the patients to be withdrawn from the study. CONCLUSIONS: The anaesthetics in this study have very similar properties for use in surgery and have demonstrated a good safety and tolerability profile.

Epidemiology and treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the minorsalivary glands: A meta-analytic study

Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiological aspects of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and to evaluate the differenttherapeutic possibilities as well as the percentage of survival.Study Design: A retrospective, meta-analytic, observational study was carried out by selecting a total of 13 articles,which provided a sample size of 263 cases of patients who had been diagnosed with ACC in the minorsalivary glands.Results: ACC was found to be more common among women (56.5%) and the average age at diagnosis was 55.26years old. The primary location of the tumor was in the palate in 57% of the cases, the predominant pattern beingcribiform. The treatment of choice was therapy combined with surgery and radiotherapy in 62.7% of the subjects.The overall survival rate was 70.76% and 56.76%, at 5 and 10 years respectively.Conclusions: Early detection of adenoid cystic carcinoma is necessary in order to enable making an earlier prognosis and thus enable a better quality of life for the patient (AU)

Consideraciones farmacodinámicas y farmacocinéticas en los tratamientos habituales del paciente gerodontológico / Farmacocinetic and farmacodinamic considerations in habitual

En los últimos años se está produciendo un aumento progresivo de la proporción y el número de personas mayores de 65 años. La gran mayoría de estas personas padecen a menudo algún tipo de enfermedad crónica y a menudo consumen uno o varios fármacos para tratarlas o disminuir sus síntomas. Por tanto debemos estudiar los cambios que se producen en el organismo durante la edad anciana y de que manera afectan a la farmacocinética y farmacodinamia de los medicamentos más utilizados en las consultas (..) (AU)

In the last years a progressive increase of the proportion and the number of greater people of 65 years is taking place. The great majority of these people often suffers some type of chronic disease and often they consume one or several drugs to treat them or to diminish its symptoms. Therefore we must study the changes that take place in the organism during the old age and how they affect the farmacocinétic and farmacodinamic of medicines more used in our clinics (AU)